How to use livelihood in a sentence. For rural people, agriculture and other natural resource-based activities may play an important role, but rural households also diversify into other activities, some of which are linked to agriculture and the natural resources sector, others which are not. Livelihood Strategies and Household Analysis of the Study Area The total sample is analyzed which is the main research objective and a comparison can be made between the total sample and the different categories of villages. A relatively unified 'household' will obviously be able to employ a wider range of strategies than an individual acting alone. They can increase access to information and reduce transactions costs. A “livelihood” refers to the capabilities, For example, the category of 'social relations' overlaps to some extent with 'social capital' in the 'assets' box. Note that in the 'shocks' box one might also add prices, since these can also change fairly suddenly. As with any abstract model, the livelihoods framework is not entirely free of ambiguity, especially in relation to what is put in the various 'boxes' and the relationship the boxes have with each other. Grouping livelihood strategies enables easy analysis and comparisons as there are a multitude of economic activities that households may engage in, but … The independent variable livelihood strategy is a categorical variable that represents the five livelihood strategies identified (i. e. ‘three food crops, coffee and khat’, ‘three food crops and khat’, ‘two food crops, coffee and khat’, ‘two food crops and khat’, … Trade contributes to an estimated 89% of their livelihood, and their average income is 6,700 PhP/month, just above average. A majority of hou… The analyses resulted in a total of eight groups: (1) Farmer, (2) Day laborer, (3) Skilled workers, (4) Alternative livelihood, (5)Natural resources exploiter, (6) trader, (7) Fisher, and (8) Transporter. In a majority of cases, remittances came from abroad (60%), and, to a lesser extent, from Manila (21%). In 2.2.1 you will find one adapted from Ellis (2000). Livelihood Key Programme Indicators List 2 A total of twenty-two (22) Key Livelihood Programme Indicators have been identified. 14 Story St, 02138 Cambridge, MAinfo@peacebuildingdata.org, Explore the interactive map with all indicators by region. 8-9) or 'policies, institutions and processes' (a more recent classification). Such investments may help to build trust and facilitate co-operation. We have also added an additional feedback arrow to Ellis' original diagram to emphasise the (positive or negative) effects that livelihood strategies and outcomes can have on livelihood assets. Farmers alone accounted for 39 percent of the population. Livelihood strategies aim at developing self-reliance. There is a need to expound on the literature about these dimensions and assess how they impact on livelihood strategies and outcomes. They have the second lowest average income, at 4,800PhP/month. These categories are (or are related to) livelihood objectives/purposes (following the ECHO-KRI approach or pattern)3: The assembling categories are: Fisher are found throughout the region (7% of the population), but were most frequent in Maguindanao (20%). However, compared to the rest of the population, households who were displaced at the time of the survey were more likely to engage in the exploitation of natural resources as a livelihood strategy, and, to a lesser extent, trading. community level strategies and objectives that are pursued alongside, or in lieu of, traditional agricultural activities to diversify income streams and reduce risk. Income level is obviously important to people, but to poor people income stability and risk avoidance may be as important, if not more so. Farmers, fishers, and those dependent on the exploitation of natural resources were generally characterized by poor income and asset ownership,low education of the household head, high dependency ratio and crowding factor, and poor access to services. Decisions on livelihood strategy may invoke multifarious repertoires of activities, mostly influenced by people’s access to a level and combination of assets. Such interactions are important in the increasing attention given by policy-makers to interactions between 'social protection' (social transfers and safety nets) and development. This is consistent with the finding that natural resources exploiters were more common among currently displaced households compared to the rest of the population. Figure 27: Distribution of livelihood profiles by settlement status. There are two main coping indicators used in the food security analysis: The Reduced Coping Strategy Index (rCSI) and the Livelihood Coping Strategy … It represents 8% of the total population, and is most frequent in the urban areas (36% in Cotabato City compared to 10% or less elsewhere). ALTERNATIVE LIVELIHOODS WORKING GLOSSARY off-farmagricultural market system employment livelihood alternative livelihoods entrepreneurship youth self-employment livelihood diversification employability job creation on-farm job creation non-farm resilience The USAID Office of Food for Peace (FFP) 2016 – 2025 Food Assistance and Food Security Strategy reaffirms a “commitment to … It should be fairly clear that all of the listed items can affect an individual's access to assets, although precisely how will obviously depend upon the situation being examined. Strategies may include subsistence production or production for the market, participation in labour markets or labouring in the home. Finally, livelihood strategies frequently vary between individuals and households depending on differences in asset ownership, income levels, gender, age, caste, and social or political status. At some point in live, the older persons are disengage from their long life activities and thus, they are deprived of some basic things. The alternative livelihood group clustershouseholds that rely on remittances (31%) and a range of less frequent activities (24%) to support their livelihood. membership of formal groups or organisations, informal social interactions in and outside the workplace, relationships of reciprocity, including gift exchange and mutual assistance. How effective an individual asset is in providing security will depend upon various factors, such as the functioning of markets, social relations, and others. An individual's livelihood involves the capacity to acquire aforementioned necessities in order to satisfy the basic needs of themselves … A framework is a ‘particular way of viewing the world’.1The livelihoods framework is a way of understanding how households derive their liveli- hoods by drawing on capabilities and assets to develop livelihood strategies composed of a range of activities. Poor urban people often also depend upon multiple diverse livelihood activities involving different employment (labouring) and self employment activities. The following table presents a brief description of the characteristics of eachof the eight groups, such as the average monthly income and the proportion of households in the two poorest wealth quintiles. Among the overall study population, 8 percent of the households said that they relied on remittances as one of their main sources of livelihood. PeacebuildingData.org at the Harvard Humanitarian Initiative The sustainable livelihoods framework in 3.1.1 is an effort to conceptualise livelihoods in a holistic way, capturing the many complexities of livelihoods, and the constraints and … They have the second highest proportion of households engaging in only one activity (52%), and the third lowest estimated monthly income (5,150 PhP/month). Households who depend almost exclusively on agriculture (87%) to support their livelihood. For rural people, agriculture and other natural resource-based activities may play an important role, but rural households also diversify into other activities, some of which are linked to agriculture and the natural resources sector, others which are not. Livelihood strategies are a range of activities that people undertake to achieve their livelihood outcomes. In the livelihoods framework, assets are conventionally divided into the following. Livelihood assets that encompass human, physical, social, natural, and financial assets are considered as dependent variables, while household livelihood strategies are independent variables. The range and diversity of livelihood strategies are enormous. An important influence on livelihood strategies is exposure to various trends and shocks. Households in the richest wealth quintile were more likely to receive remittances from abroad (75%) compared to the other households. Finally, it is worth noting that participation is central to the livelihoods approach. Whilst rural people may seek improvements across a wide range of livelihood outcomes the need to prioritise may force them to make undesirable trade-offs between them, at least in the short term. This analysis focuses on the combination of activities undertaken. All livelihood strategies depend upon access to assets of some kind or other, whether such access involves private ownership or other forms of access. They account for 9% of the households and are present in a similar proportion across all regions. The livelihoods framework offers a conceptualisation that can help outsiders work together with the poor to identify the priorities of the poor and associated opportunities and constraints. Use of the term capital implies that it can serve productive ends. The results indicate that households that were displaced at the time of the survey were more likely to have relied on the production of charcoal to sustain themselves (26%) compared to less than 6 percent among those who returned home or elsewhere. Nevertheless, what the framework does offer is a way of conceptualising in a simplified way the complexity of rural livelihoods, and the different variables that shape activities, objectives, and outcomes. The survey explored activities that households undertook while being displaced. The figure for the poorest asset quintile was 56 percent. Over 40% of the households that had returned home had benefited from assistance from their relatives and family (42%) and other sources (43%) while displaced. Bear in mind, however, that the institutions that enhance one person's productivity may constrain or diminish the productivity of others. Fishing contributes to an average of 70% of the livelihood amongthese households, with agriculture contributing an average of 16%. Since the emergence of the sustainable livelihoods definition proposed by Chambers and Conway (1992), sustainable livelihoods definitions and frameworks have proliferated (e.g., Hoon, Singh For this group, remittances contributed an average of 33 percent of the total livelihood activities. These researchers grouped livelihood strategies into three categories, namely farming activities, non-farming activities and agriculture, while Alemu grouped livelihood strategies into four categories, namely non-labour, agriculture, off farming and non-farming. We shall look more at these ideas in Section 3. Other differences included the higher frequency of fishers in Maguindanao (20% compared to 7% or less elsewhere), and a higher proportion of day laborers in Sultan Kudarat (23% compared to 12% or less elsewhere.). productive activities, investment strategies, reproductive choices). Poor people usually employ a mix of different 'strategies', especially when resources are to some extent pooled. More broadly, social capital may refer to the ability to access and use to advantage socially constructed rules, organisations or relationships (these are also referred to as 'institutions'). The Coping Strategy Index (CSI) measures food insecurity by considering the activities undertaken by households to manage food shortages. The carrying capacity of pure pastoralist livelihood strategies only to attain food and livelihood security is extremely declining from time to time. That is why in the livelihoods framework the latter is usually labelled along with livelihood security as an outcome variable rather than as an objective. A livelihood strategy is an organized set of life-style choices, goals and values, and activities influenced by biophysical, political/legal, econo- mic, social, cultural, and psychological compo-nents. In conventional economics such assets are usually known as factors of production and are typically subdivided into land (natural capital), labour (human capital) and capital (physical and financial capital). Livelihood strategies may focus on increasing the range of assets to which a person or household has access, or on increasing access to particular types of capital. This document presents a conceptual framework for integrating sustainable, ... adopts the definition proposed by … Livelihood interventions should be designed and implemented to strengthen women’s and men’s productive capacity early on, when it matters most, and to promote longer-term self-sufficiency. In addition to differences in livelihood activities, income, and wealth, livelihood groups were found to have statistically significant differences (p<0.05) with regards to several variables typically considered to be vulnerability or poverty indicators. Table 4: Characteristics of livelihood groups. These fluctuations are often dramatic and can profoundly affect livelihood security (Devereux et al 2011) People's livelihood strategies are designed, where possible, to reduce seasonal income fluctuations and the associated vulnerability. Table 5: Factors associated with livelihood groups. When asked directly whether or not their household receives remittances, 12 percent of the households responded positively. ), maintain or enhance its capabilities and assets, while not undermining the natural resource base”. Better access to assets is a desirable outcome of any livelihood strategy. Figure 28: Economic activities undertaken while displaced. Conventional economics does not have a social capital category and precisely what social capital consists of is open to debate. 2.2.1 A framework for micro policy analysis of rural livelihoods. ABSTRACT. Among all groups, farming is the most common activity. Shocks, such as those associated with the triple-f crisis (see Section 1.3) can wipe out assets very suddenly if they are not protected and adverse trends can result in them being gradually eroded if livelihoods are unable to adapt to change. By keeping the capability to operate Note also that trends in a community or country may be made up increasing or decreasing shocks affecting individual people or livelihoods (for example increasing morbidity and mortality from HIV/AIDS may be a trend in a country but the onset of HIV/AIDS is a shock to those directly affected by it). In a recent paper, Ellis (1997) defines livelihood diversification as `the process by which rural families construct a diverse portfolio of activities and social support capabilities in their struggle for survival and in order to improve their standards of living’ Ellis (1997, p5), pointing out, rightly, that livelihood diversification is not necessarily synonymous with income diversification. In this unit, we adopt the classification used by Ellis (2000), which is based on the following. One definition is presented in 2.2.2. They are also something people invest in so as to increase future flows of income/consumption. While remittances are an important source of support for the households, it was generally seen as temporary, with 94 percent of the households indicating that the individuals sending remittances had plans to return to their place of origin. There are various ways of conceptualising the components of a livelihood and the influences upon it, and you may encounter various slightly different diagrammatic representations of these variables and their interconnections. People develop these social resources by investing time, effort and other resources in. They represent 7% of the population and are present throughout the study area. The natural resource exploiters group clustershouseholds that rely directly on the exploitation of natural resources to sustain their livelihood, including the sale and preparation of charcoal (38%), agriculture (22%), and livestock (17%). Strategies may include subsistence production or production for the market, participation in labour marketsor l… Most frequently, they reported relying during that experience on assistance from family and relatives (36%) or other sources (36%). It is a crucial productive resource particularly for the rural community that is why the stake- holders in the area put land as one among the main 162 J. Dev. This was significantly more than households who resettled elsewhere (24% and 10% respectively), and households that were displaced at the time of the survey (19% and 29% respectively). Households in the survey were asked to name up to three livelihood activities, by order of importance. The objective of those wishing to promote sustainable livelihoods is to minimise trade-offs of the sort discussed above and to maximise complementarities. It seeks to understand the various dimensions of a person's livelihood; the strategies and objectives pursued, and associated opportunities and constraints. (Table I). Social capital relates to the formal and informal social resources that people draw upon in pursuit of their livelihoods. The livelihoods framework is a way of looking at the complexity of people's livelihoods, especially the livelihoods of the poor, whether they be rural or urban. The proportion was highest in Lanao del Norte (20%) and Sultan Kudarat (16%), compared to 6 percent in Maguindanao.The proportion of households receiving remittances was highest among households with an ‘alternative livelihood’ strategy (49%), compared to 12 percent or less among the other livelihood profiles. This section examines the relationships between households’ settlement status and their livelihood activities and strategies. Again, have a look at the diagram that we introduced earlier, to see what is listed under these different headings. Study the diagram and see whether you can see possible relationships between the different variables listed in columns A to F. In discussing this we start at the centre, columns D and E, then move to the right (column F) before coming back to columns A to C. The livelihood strategies and activities of poor people are often complex and diverse. Contemporary livelihood strategies in many African cities involve participation in multiple economic activities, usually in both the formal and informal sectors. They are grouped under eight different categories (that were identified during the analysis process). This category of influences comes under a variety of different headings. Econ. Skilled workers rely primarily on skilled employment (60%) and construction skilled employment (19%) to sustain their livelihood. Their mean income, at 5,800 PhP/month is below average (6,500 PhP/month). The livelihood strategies and activities of poor people are often complex and diverse. They may allow people to make claims on other people's obligations to support them, and can help in the development of informal safety nets amongst the poor. Traders are the most specialized and least diversified group in terms of activities, with 59% of them engaging in only one activity. In the framework presented here, the outcomes of livelihood strategies are divided between the effects on livelihood security and the effects on environmental sustainability. Households in the survey were asked to name up to three livelihood activities, by order of importance. 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