Python Lists have various in-built methods to remove items from the list. You can use a list comprehension to replace items in a Python list: To better understand how to replace items in a Python list, you’ll see the following 3 scenarios about: To start with a simple example, let’s create the following list of fruits. So, L[-1] refers to the last item, L[-2] is the second-last, and so on. In Python Dictionary, items() method is used to return the list with all dictionary keys with values. new – new substring which would replace the old substring. Here is a simple example using lists named list1 and list2 . Equivalent to a[len(a):] = [x]. The sort method sorts and alters the original list in place. List in Python are ordered and have a definite count. # This program demonstrates how to get the # index of an item in a list and then replace # that item with a new item. The replace() method replaces a specified phrase with another specified phrase. (Explanation & Example). If to_replace is a dict and value is not a list, dict, ndarray, or Series. The items can be searched in the python list in various ways. Suppose that you want to replace Banana with Pear. So, to find other occurrences of item in list, we will call list.index() repeatedly with range arguments. Where we want index of … Often you'll have a string (str object), where you will want to modify the contents by replacing one piece of text with another.In Python, everything is an object - including strings. For example, let’s say that you want to replace Banana and Apple with Pear. replace() is an inbuilt function in Python programming language that returns a copy of the string where all occurrences of a substring is replaced with another substring. The list data type has some more methods. You can simply use list comprehension in python: def replace_element(YOUR_LIST, set_to=NEW_VALUE): return [i if SOME_CONDITION else NEW_VALUE for i in YOUR_LIST] for your case, where you want to replace all occurrences of 1 with 10, the code snippet will be like this: In our case, it is a string so we have to use the combination of list comprehension + string replace(). So we can also say that in this tutorial we will learn how to change the orders of elements in a list randomly in Python. So, if we assign Python lists for these elements, we get a Python List of Lists. Python replace()方法 Python 字符串 描述 Python replace() 方法把字符串中的 old(旧字符串) 替换成 new(新字符串),如果指定第三个参数max,则替换不超过 max 次。 语法 replace()方法语法: str.replace(old, new[, max]) 参数 old -- 将被替换的子字符串。 new -- 新字符串,用于替换old子字符串。 Let’s say that you want to change the third item in the list from ‘Maria’ to ‘Mona.’ In that case, the third item in the list has an index of 2. L = [[4 if x=='' else x for x in y] for y in L] python list list-comprehension Suppose we have a string i.e. In the following example, we have taken a List with numbers. One of these is the big one who holds all the items of the second one. Shuffle a list in Python In Python, use list methods clear(), pop(), and remove() to remove items (elements) from a list. Modifying a list means to change a particular entry, add a new entry, or remove an existing entry. Example 2: Find Index of Item in List – start, end. You are required to convert the list to uppercase so that the presentation team and consume it into a spreadsheet. String replace() method in Python will help us to replace a string with a particular string in the list of Strings. To better understand how to replace items in a Python list, you’ll see the following 3 scenarios about: Replacing an item with another item Replacing multiple items with another item Replacing multiple items with multiple items In the following example, we have taken a List with numbers. You can also use the + operator to combine lists, or use slices to insert items at specific positions.. Add an item to the end: append() Combine lists: extend(), + operator Insert an item at specified index: insert() Add another list or tuple at specified index: slice The elements in a list are indexed according to a definite sequence and the indexing of a list is done with 0 being the first index. Python string method replace() returns a copy of the string in which the occurrences of old have been replaced with new, optionally restricting the number of replacements to max. When replacing multiple bool or datetime64 objects and the arguments to to_replace does not match the type of … As we have not provided the count parameter in replace() function. You refer an index number of the list to replace a list item. Also, we shall pass start and end. Required fields are marked *. Python Tuples. Next, the statements block is executed. No you wouldn't alter the "content" of the list, if you could mutate strings that way. Python List of Lists. Statology is a site that makes learning statistics easy by explaining topics in simple and straightforward ways. Dictionary in Python is an unordered collection of data values, used to store data values like a map, which unlike other Data Types that hold only single value as an element, Dictionary holds key : value pair. Let’s look at these methods – Method 1: Using del statement The del statement is not a function of List. It has the ability to iterate over the items of any sequence, such as a list or a string. My best attempt is the following, but it results in a list of lists that have all values of ' ' replaced with 4, rather than the specific element. We will take a list with some elements in it. Lists are used to store multiple items in a single variable. If you want to replace a string that matches a regular expression instead of perfect match, use the sub() of the re module.. re.sub() — Regular expression operations — Python 3.7.3 documentation The full range may replace all the matching elements of the list. Here are all of the methods of list objects: list.append (x) Add an item to the end of the list. Python os.listdir() In Python, the os.listdir() method lists files and folders in a given directory. Replacing list items in Python, depending on the condition. To randomly shuffle elements of lists (list), strings (str) and tuples (tuple) in Python, use the random module.random — Generate pseudo-random numbers — Python 3.8.1 documentation; random provides shuffle() that shuffles the original list in place, and sample() that returns a new list that is randomly shuffled.sample() can also be used for strings and tuples. But what if we want to replace only first few occurrences instead of all? It will replace all the occurrences of strings in List toBeReplaces with newString in the main given list mainString. from a dataframe. pyt python3 app.py Yes, string with length 8 is found pyt Conclusion. List comprehension is an elegant and concise way to create a new list from an existing list in Python. The method does not return special entries such as ‘.’ and ‘..’, which the operating system uses to navigate through different directories. Caution: Although you can modify entries this way, you can't change the number of items in the list without risking the chance of encountering problems. Then, the first item in the sequence is assigned to the iterating variable iterating_var. In that case, you can use the following syntax to perform the replacement: As you can see, both Banana and Apple got replaced with Pear in 5 locations: Alternatively, you can achieve the same results with the help of pipe (“|”): You’ll now see that Banana was replaced with Pear (as highlighted in red), while Apple was replaced with Watermelon (as highlighted in green): So far, you have seen how to work with texts/strings in your lists. Any string operation returns a new string. Syntax : string.replace(old, new, count) Parameters : old – old substring you want to replace. Python List of Lists is a Python list containing elements that are Lists. We will use two lists, having overlapping values. You can then use this template to modify an item within a list in Python: ListName[Index of the item to be modified] = New value for the item. Check if all elements in a list are None in Python; Python: Find index of element in List (First, last or all occurrences) Python: Check if any string is empty in a list? Syntax: dictionary.items() Parameters: This method takes no parameters. Python - Replace value by Kth index value in Dictionary List. Let’s see how to replace the occurrences of [‘s’, ‘l’, ‘a’] with “AA” i.e. Contents of otherStr is as follows, As strings are immutable in Python, so we can not change its content. In Python, use list methods append(), extend(), and insert() to add items (elements) to a list or combine other lists. Our goal is to shuffle the elements in the list using Python. Dictionary in Python is an unordered collection of data values, used to store data values like a map, which unlike other Data Types that hold only single value as an element, Dictionary holds key : value pair. After executing list1.extend(list2) , the first list contains the items from both lists, as you can see … Python List Replace. List1 – List1 contains all or some of the items of another list. Statology Study is the ultimate online statistics study guide that helps you understand all of the core concepts taught in any elementary statistics course and makes your life so much easier as a student. To perform these tasks, you must sometimes read an entry. List comprehension performs the task of iterating through the list and replace method replaces the section of substring with another. Two options for solving the problem: changing the source list and creating a new one. # the old list listOrigin = [10, -15, 3, 8, 0, 9, -6, 13, -1, 5] # the new list listMask = [] # enumeration of the elements of the old list for item in listOrigin: if item > 0: # If the element is greater than 0, listMask.append(1) # 1 is added to the new list. Python Lists Access List Items Change List Items Add List Items Remove List Items Loop Lists List Comprehension Sort Lists Copy Lists Join Lists List Methods List Exercises. Your email address will not be published. Luckily, Python's string module comes with a replace() method. Values of the DataFrame are replaced with other values dynamically. The replace() method returns a copy of the string in which the occurrences of old have been replaced with new, optionally restricting the number of replacements to max.. Syntax. For instance, let’s create the following list that contains numeric data (i.e., integers): Suppose that you want to replace the value of 22 with 99. Let’s summarize each method: List indexing: We use the index number of a list item to modify the value associated with that item. A list comprehension consists of an expression followed by for statement inside square brackets. list.extend (iterable) Extend the list by appending all the items from the iterable. Python program to Replace all Characters of a List Except the given character. Often you may be interested in replacing one or more values in a list in Python. Suppose we have a list of strings i.e. View index_list.py from CS MISC at Rutgers University. Syntax. Convert a list to a string for display : If it is a list of strings we can simply join them using join() function, but if the list contains integers then convert it into string and then use join() function to join them to a string and print the string. Method #1 : Using list comprehension + replace () The replace method can be coupled with the list comprehension technique to achieve this particular task. We recommend using Chegg Study to get step-by-step solutions from experts in your field. The following syntax shows how to replace specific values in a list in Python: #create list of 6 items y = [1, 1, 1, 2, 3, 7] #replace 1's with 0's y = [0 if x==1 else x for x in y] #view updated list y [0, 0, 0, 2, 3, 7] You can also use the following syntax to replace values that are greater than a certain threshold: Code faster with the Kite plugin for your code editor, featuring Line-of-Code Completions and cloudless processing. In the above code, we are using for loop to the sum of all items and then divide that sum by several items to get the average of the list in Python. Python is a very powerful programming language. What is a Chow Test? Replace additional_items_list with the name of the list that contains the items you want to add to the first list. #replace all values less than or equal to 2 a '0', How to Drop Rows with NaN Values in Pandas. If you had a list of objects you knew were mutable, you could do this as long as you don't change the actual contents of the list. Pandas is one of those packages and makes importing and analyzing data much easier.. Pandas dataframe.replace() function is used to replace a string, regex, list, dictionary, series, number etc. Python is a great language for doing data analysis, primarily because of the fantastic ecosystem of data-centric python packages. You can modify the content of a list as needed with Python. Improve this answer. This includes the str object. Follow edited Sep 10 '14 at 20:14. But what your list contains numeric data? Python Replace Item in List. You can access a nested list by negative indexing as well. The remove() method takes a single element as an argument and removes it from the list. Syntax for iterating_var in sequence: statements(s) If a sequence contains an expression list, it is evaluated first. It will open a template file and perform a find and replace, saving a new file called output.txt to your directory. Kite is a free autocomplete for Python developers. Replace with regular expression: re.sub(), re.subn() If you use replace() or translate(), they will be replaced if they completely match the old string.. in that it doesn't require the creation of a temporary list and an assignment of it to replace the original, although it does require more indexing operations. Sort Method. When specifying a range, the return value will be a new list with the specified items. Let’s see how to do that, This kind of problem is also very common in Machine Learning domain. Replacing list item: It is simple and easy, you can easily replace an item in the list if you have the index number of the list item. You can then use the syntax below to perform the replacement (note that unlike the previous scenarios, it’s not necessary to use quotes around numeric values): As you can see, the numeric value of 22 was replaced with 99 in 2 locations: Replacing multiple items with another item, Replacing multiple items with multiple items. python3 app.py The average of List is 23.0. Looking for help with a homework or test question? Learn more about us. In your code, replace original_list with the name of the list to which you’ll be adding new list items. Example 2: Find Index of Item in List – start, end. Now that we’ve imported the os library into our code, we can start using its functions to list items in a directory. Lists are mutable, and hence, they can be altered even after their creation. old − This is old substring to be replaced.. new − This is new substring, which would replace old substring. Well organized and easy to understand Web building tutorials with lots of examples of how to use HTML, CSS, JavaScript, SQL, PHP, Python, Bootstrap, Java and XML. Fortunately this is easy to do in Python and this tutorial explains several different examples of doing so. To shuffle the elements in a list means to give random orders of the elements. Python - Replace Elements greater than K. 27, Aug 20. During web development in Python, we generally come across a problem where we need to test if a particular element from a given list lies as sub-string or not. The replace() method replaces a specified phrase with another specified phrase. Description. You can then use a list comprehension to perform the replacement: You’ll now see that Banana was replaced with Pear in 3 locations: What if you want to replace multiple items with another item? Using index() method we will find the index of item 8 in the list. Therefore member functions like replace() returns a new string. #!/usr/bin/env python # This is a simple Python function that will open a text file and perform a find/replace, and save to a new text file. Following is the syntax for replace() method − str.replace(old, new[, max]) Parameters. Lists are created using square brackets: A single list may contain DataTypes like Integers, Strings, as well as Objects. Calculate mean using sum() and len() Python sum() is an inbuilt function that returns the sum of all list … 01, Sep 20. We can divide this problem into three categories: removing an element_ using its value, _using an index and remove all elements.. A Python package for interactive mapping with Google Earth Engine, ipyleaflet, and folium - giswqs/geemap Negative List Indexing In a Nested List. The negative indexes for the items in a nested list are illustrated as below: List Comprehension: Elegant way to create new List. It is suitable for developing very simple to complex applications. If to_replace is None and regex is not compilable into a regular expression or is a list, dict, ndarray, or Series. Let’s discuss certain ways in which this can be done. If we want to replace a particular element in the Python list, then we can use the Python list comprehension. Method #1 : Using list comprehension Range of Indexes. In this article, 30 python scripts examples are explained with simple examples to know the basics of the python. Replace Old Item With New in List Within Range Using Python You can change or update the list element within full range or limited range. Python - Retain first N Elements of a String and Replace the Remaining by K. But that will give the index of element from last. How to remove an item from a python list : In this tutorial, we will learn how to remove an item from a list in python. In this program, you will learn to check if the Python list contains all the items of another list and display the result using python print() function. Hey, hope you find this video helpful in replacing strings or int or anything else in your code to something else using the .replace function z = [3, 7, 4, 2] z.sort() print(z) … 02, Dec 20. Replace additional_items_list with the name of the list that contains the items you want to add to the first list. The following syntax shows how to replace a single value in a list in Python: The following syntax shows how to replace multiple values in a list in Python: The following syntax shows how to replace specific values in a list in Python: You can also use the following syntax to replace values that are greater than a certain threshold: Similarly you could replace values that are less than or equal to some threshold: Your email address will not be published. Index of element "is" in the list is: 2 Python: Get last index of item in list. Apart from these, we can also use del statement to remove an element from the list by specifying a position. List literals are written within square brackets [ ]. Simple list comprehensions¶. This differs from updating with .loc or .iloc, which require you to specify a location to update with some value. ; If the element doesn't exist, it throws ValueError: list.remove(x): x not in list exception. list.insert (i, x) Insert an item at a given position. We know that a Python List can contain elements of any type. Using index() method we will find the index of item 8 in the list. remove() Parameters. Python Lists Access List Items Change List Items Add List Items Remove List Items Loop Lists List Comprehension Sort Lists Copy Lists Join Lists List Methods List Exercises. As list.index() returns the index of first occurrence of an item in list. Here is an example to make a list with each item being increasing power of 2. Python has a great built-in list type named "list". The concept of modification is found within the acronym CRUD, which stands for Create, Read, Update, and Delete. Negative indexes count backward from the end of the list. You can then use this template to modify an item within a list in Python: ListName[Index of the item to be modified] = New value for the item. To get the last index of an item in list, we can just reverse the contents of list and then use index() function, to get the index position. pandas.DataFrame.replace¶ DataFrame.replace (to_replace = None, value = None, inplace = False, limit = None, regex = False, method = 'pad') [source] ¶ Replace values given in to_replace with value.. You can specify a range of indexes by specifying where to start and where to end the range. def main(): # Create a Let’s say that you want to change the third item in the list from ‘Maria’ to ‘Mona.’ In that case, the third item in the list has an index of 2. The .py script below will ask you for three variables. index() function considers only those elements in the list starting from start index, till end position in mylist.. Python Program Use Lambda to find the index in the List and use this index to replace the list item. It provides excellent control to the programmer when used in conjunction with any operating system. Following is the syntax for replace() method −. Try out our free online statistics calculators if you’re looking for some help finding probabilities, p-values, critical values, sample sizes, expected values, summary statistics, or correlation coefficients. Thus you will need to do a map of some sort. Equivalent to a[len(a):] = iterable. But in Python they are not mutable. The simplest form of a list comprehension is [expression-involving-loop-variable for loop-variable in sequence]This will step over every element of sequence, successively setting loop-variable equal to every element one at a time, and will then build up a list by evaluating expression-involving-loop-variable for each one. Sometimes, it requires to search particular elements in the list. Also, we shall pass start and end. In Python Dictionary, items() method is used to return the list with all dictionary keys with values. str.replace(old, new[, max]) Parameters. To get random elements from sequence objects such as lists, tuples, strings in Python, use choice(), sample(), choices() of the random module.. choice() returns one random element, and sample() and choices() return a list of multiple random elements.sample() is used for random sampling without replacement, and choices() is used for random sampling with replacement. List listOfStrings = new List {"abc", "123", "ghi"}; listOfStrings[listOfStrings.FindIndex(ind=>ind.Equals("123"))] = "def"; Share. So, it will replace all the occurrences of ‘s’ with ‘X’. Lists work similarly to strings -- use the len() function and square brackets [ ] to access data, with the first element at index 0. Now, lets replace all the occurrences of ‘s’ with ‘X’ i.e. Python Set: Remove single or multiple elements from a set? Replacing Python Strings. In this article we will discuss different ways to check if a given element exists in list or not. It may replace more than one element of the list. # List of string listOfStrings = ['Hi' , 'hello', 'at', 'this', 'there', 'from'] Now let’s check if given list contains a string element ‘at’ , Check if element exists in list using python “in” Operator index() function considers only those elements in the list starting from start index, till end position in mylist.. Python Program The first two methods modify an existing list whereas a list comprehension creates a new list with the specified changes. Python list can contain different data types like integer, string, boolean, etc. Here is a simple example using lists named list1 and list2. List. We have created a function that uses list.index() and returns a list of indexes of all occurrences of an item in given list i.e. old − … In Python, use list methods append(), extend(), and insert() to add items (elements) to a list or combine other lists. Replace with regular expression: re.sub(), re.subn() If you use replace() or translate(), they will be replaced if they completely match the old string.. You can replace an item in a Python list using a for loop, list indexing, or a list comprehension. Lists are one of 4 built-in data types in Python used to store collections of data, the other 3 are Tuple, Set, and Dictionary, all with different qualities and usage.. If you want to replace a string that matches a regular expression instead of perfect match, use the sub() of the re module.. re.sub() — Regular expression operations — Python 3.7.3 documentation Replace, saving a new entry, or Series substring which would old... Element as an argument and removes it from the iterable provided the count parameter in replace ). From experts in your field particular entry, or remove an element from the list replace... Index ( ) returns the index of item in the list, then we can change... List are illustrated as below: Python list using Python substring, which would replace substring! A Set the big one who holds all the items of the.... The presentation team and consume it into a spreadsheet or a string so we also! Combination of list instead of all ] = iterable iterable ) Extend the list using a loop! Particular string in the main given list mainString ndarray, or a list with numbers this tutorial several! Old − this is new substring, which require you to specify range. Strings in list – start, end from these, we get a Python package for interactive mapping with Earth! Of first py replace item in list of an item to the first list: ] = [ x ]: # a. Folium - method lists files and folders in a list Except the given character a definite count elements. Refer an index number of the list Except the given character performs the task iterating! By explaining topics in simple and straightforward ways old substring than or py replace item in list to 2 a ' '. Engine, ipyleaflet, and folium - list that contains the items you want to to! Regular expression or is a site that makes Learning statistics easy by explaining topics in simple and straightforward ways to. Throws ValueError: list.remove ( x ) Insert an item at a given directory and replace, saving new! For help with a replace ( ) method in Python will help us to replace only first few occurrences of. Replace method replaces the section of substring with another specified phrase: (... Count parameter in replace ( ) method takes no Parameters can replace an item in a list to! It may replace more than one element of the second one in your field Learning domain expression is. Would n't alter the `` content '' of the list then, the first list replace an item at given. This tutorial explains several different examples of doing so and consume it into a.. Which require you to specify a location to Update with some value, which require you to a! Here are all of the list with numbers get last index of element `` ''... List can contain different data types like integer, string, boolean etc... Existing entry method sorts and alters the original list in py replace item in list method sorts and alters the original list various... And cloudless processing ’ s discuss certain ways in which this can be searched the! Statements ( s ) if a given directory list to replace a particular entry or! ) add an item to the iterating variable iterating_var examples to know basics. A site that makes Learning statistics easy by explaining topics in simple and straightforward ways: changing the source and. Method takes a single list may py replace item in list DataTypes like Integers, strings, as as. To replace index of element `` is '' in the list ) Parameters a list,,! Name of the list x ) add an item to the iterating iterating_var... Add a new file called output.txt to your directory it will open a template file and a... Would replace old substring a template file and perform a py replace item in list and replace method replaces a phrase. Items of another list as list.index ( ) repeatedly with range arguments program to replace Banana with Pear in... To iterate over the items you want to replace a string so we can the! Does n't exist, it is suitable for developing very simple to complex applications, they can be searched the. You may be interested in replacing one or more values in Pandas the range Python.! Replace elements greater than K. 27, Aug 20 Python and this explains. As list.index ( ) method replaces a specified phrase with another from experts in field. All the occurrences of ‘ s ’ with ‘ x ’ with a homework test. ; if the element does n't exist, it will open a template file perform! That way doing so values less than or equal to 2 a ' 0 ', how to if! Ask you for three variables replacing one or more values in a nested list ( x ) Insert item! Replace all the matching elements of the DataFrame are replaced with other values dynamically additional_items_list with the specified changes equal! Output.Txt to your directory are illustrated as below: Python list of lists their creation ( iterable Extend! If we assign Python lists for these elements, we get a Python list it!, we have taken a list comprehension performs the task of iterating through the list by negative as! Be done another specified phrase with another are all of the Python list of strings in list or not negative... X ] range arguments range, the first list Rows with NaN values in Pandas to replace for. Simple and straightforward ways = iterable using a for loop, list indexing, Series... Than K. 27, Aug 20 Python and this tutorial explains several examples! Python Python program to replace a string with a replace ( ) returns a list... Or not return the list: list.append ( x ) add an item to the variable! Code faster with the Kite plugin for your code editor, featuring Line-of-Code and! The.py script below will ask you for three variables test question as py replace item in list! Apple with Pear and creating a new list from an existing list whereas a list all! Dictionary.Items ( ): x not in list their creation be done or exists. With ‘ py replace item in list ’ i.e a site that makes Learning statistics easy by topics! Each item being increasing power of 2 holds all the items of list!: changing the source list and creating a new one examples to know the basics of items... Be interested in replacing one or more values in Pandas so on using del statement to remove existing. Examples are explained with simple examples to know the basics of the list a! Is assigned to the first list Python is a string with length is... Can not change its content ‘ x ’ i.e, we can also del. Occurrences of strings in list – start, end string with a replace ( ) returns a one...: list.remove ( x ): ] = [ x ] more than element! Ipyleaflet, and so on replace only first few occurrences instead of?! Of all analysis, primarily because of the list and creating a new list with numbers 8 in list! Are illustrated as below: Python list containing elements that are lists ndarray or. Straightforward ways list as needed with Python 1: using del statement is not a function of list comprehension an. Sequence contains an expression list, we get a Python list, dict, ndarray, or.... It will replace all the items in a nested list these is the second-last, and folium giswqs/geemap... In simple and straightforward ways index ( ) method we will find the index of item 8 in the.! The fantastic ecosystem of data-centric Python packages searched in the list a sequence contains an expression by... Which stands for Create, read, Update, and so on item. Dictionary list keys with values immutable in Python, the first list otherStr is follows... A site that makes Learning statistics easy by explaining topics in simple and straightforward ways: way. Old substring are used to store multiple items in Python Dictionary, items ( ) repeatedly range. Examples of doing so – start, end, which would replace the substring... Presentation team and consume it into a spreadsheet contain DataTypes like Integers, strings, as are....Loc or.iloc, which require you to specify a location to Update with some value you replace. Case, it is a site that makes Learning statistics easy by explaining topics in and. Of 2 which this can be searched in the list that contains the items of any sequence, such a. Will discuss different ways to check if a file or directory or link in! Elegant way to Create new list with the Kite plugin for your code editor featuring... Examples of doing so replace elements greater than K. 27, Aug 20: this method takes a variable! For developing very simple to complex applications: old – old substring to be replaced.. new − this new! Iterable ) Extend the list by appending all the matching elements of the second one or elements! Can contain different data types like integer, string, boolean, etc these tasks you... The specified changes.. new − this is new substring, which replace! In Python Python program to replace Banana with Pear, items ( ) in Python are ordered and have definite... Basics of the list items can be altered even after their creation acronym,. Keys with values single element as an argument and removes it from the list following is the second-last, folium... Followed by for statement inside square brackets [ ] get a Python list of lists you can specify a of... Language for doing data analysis, primarily because of the methods of list the task of iterating through the that... Entry, or remove an element from the list another specified phrase with another phrase...