The only other Indus site where rice husk has been found is Rangpur near Ahmedabad. If the focus then shifts to India, then Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro will undoubtedly come up, but after that, India’s other ancient cities are often overlooked. The Kalibangan pre-historic site was discovered by Luigi Pio Tessitori, an Italian Indologist (1887–1919). Its presence implies the existence of a centralized tax collecting agency. It is a Shaivite place of offering worships with idols and rock-cut images of Lord Shiva and other Hindu deities. Historians are of the view that the decline of the Indus Civilization was not the result of a single event; it was a slow decline and a result of combination of factors. The decline of Harappan culture is difficult to explain. Harappans were inventors of linear system of measurement with a unit equal to one angula of the Arthasastra. Rangpur in Ahmedabad, near river Meedar 5. Harappans used weights and measures for commercial as well as building purposes. (c) Kalibangan was located on the bank of river Ghaggar. Indus Valley Civilization is the one of the oldest ancient civilizations of the world.Indus River Valley Civilization was discovered by the archaeologists in the 1920s. Situated in Gujarat it is the latest Indus city discovered in India and also one of the largest sites of the civilization. A few bronze sculptures have also been discovered at Mohenjodaro, Harappa, Chanhudaro and Daimabad. Clay figures of the Mother Goddess as the symbol of fertility have been found- these were worshipped by the people. In Harappa the Granary was outside the Fort. He also finds close connection between the Brahmi and the Indus script. In the field of religions many important features of Harappan religion were adopted in later Hinduism. From the meagre evidence it may be concluded that the civilization represented by these two cities commonly known as the Indus Valley Civilization belonged to the first half of the third millennium B.C. Harappa (Punjab, Pakistan) It is located in the banks of the river Ravi; It was the first site to be excavated among all the Indus sites. 2. The approach followed by Kinnier-Wilson is to find analogies between Harappan and Sumerian signs.S R Rao has produced a different attempt to read the script as containing a pre-Indo-Aryan language of the Indo-European family. For instance numerous seals have been discovered with inscriptions of the figures of animals and names in a script which is undecipherable. In its proto-Harappan phase the fields were ploughed. A hunting scene showing two antelopes with the hunter is noticed on a pot shreds from the cemetery H.A jar found at Lothal depicts a scene in which two birds are seen perched on a tree each holding a fish in its beak. The streets were very wide and the houses built of burnt bricks lined both sides of the street. It consists chiefly of wheel made wares both plain and painted. Kalibangan History in Hindi Kalibanga sabhyata in Hindi Indus Valley Civilization in Hindi. Important Sites of Indus Valley Civilization. It is the only Indus site where the remains of a horse have actually been found. Join The Discussion The Harappan pottery includes goblets, dishes, basins, flasks, narrow necked vases, cylindrical bottles, tumblers, corn measures, spouted vases and a special type of dish on a stand which was a offering stand or incense burner. Harappa in western Punjab, near river Ravi 2. The IVC residents did not develop irrigation capabilities, relying mainly on the seasonal monsoons leading to summer floods. In the lower town a particular building identified by Wheeler as the temple has a monumental entrance and twin stairways leading to a raised platform on which was found one of the rare stone sculptures of a seated figure. Sir John Marshal, Lambrick and E.J.H Mackay suggest that the decline of the Harappan civilization was mainly due to the vagaries of the Indus River. Geographical extent of Indus Valley Civilization. The numerous specimens of pottery, seals, bracelets etc reveal that arts and crafts florished. The sensational discoveries made at Harappa in West Punjab and Mohenjodaro in Sind have revolutionised our idea of ancient Indian history. The seal immediately brings to our mind the traditional image of Pasupati Mahadeva. Chanhudaro Suktagendor Banawali The camel was rare and horse was not known. Sir John Marshall the eminent Indologist opines that the civilization revealed at these two places leads one to the inference that it is not an incipient one but had begun ages earlier with many millennia of human endeavour behind it. See all quizzes › Go to topic › Question 2 How many symbols were used in Indus Valley writing? It is also called the ‘Harappan Civilization’ after the name of its first discovered site. A second figure of comparable size also comes from Mohenjodaro. Presence of residential and non-residential buildings. The script of the Indus Valley Civilization is A. Kharosthi B. Undeciphered C. Brahmi D. Tamil. The sensational discoveries made at Harappa in West Punjab and Mohenjodaro in Sind have revolutionised our idea of ancient Indian history. 2. Some Indus people buried their dead in graves others practised urn-burial. In its proto-Harappan phase the fields were ploughed. This is contrary to the currently held view that all alphabetic writing descended from Phoenician in the late second millennium BC. Another remarkable contribution of the Harappan people was the cultivation of cotton. Harappa, Mohenjodaro, Chanhudaro, Kalibangan, Lothal, Banawali, Rakhigarhi and Dholavira were some of the important sites of the Harappan civilization. Jha claims to have deciphered about 3500 inscriptions on seals. were the most prominent cities of this civilization. But there is very little evidence on this opinion. An attempt has been made by Natwar Jha a palaeographist and Vedic scholar who says that script is syllabic that is no vowels are written. Apart from Lothal in Gujarat, the three Harappan sites on the Makran coast – Sutkagendor, Sotkako and Khairia kot have been generally considered to have been posts in the maritime links with the Gulf and Mesopotamia. Besides sheep and goats, dogs, humped cattle buffalo and elephant was certainly domesticated. Kalibangan was located on a different river from the other major Indus Valley Civilization cities, and its river suffered a fate that led to the end of the city. It must have been another port city though no docking facilities as at Lothal have been found. Mohenjodaro in Sindh, near river Indus 3. The weights proceeded in a series, first doubling from 1, 2, 4, 8 to 64 and then in decimal multiples of 16. Stock breeding was important in Indus culture. Harappan people used different types of pottery such as glazed, polychrome, incised, perforated and knobbed. The numerical and decimal system was evolved here which made remarkable contributions towards Vedic mathematics. The glazed Harappan pottery is the earliest example of its kind in the ancient world. Incised ware is rare and the incised decoration was confined to the bases of the pans. Kalibangan is an ancient site of the Indus Valley Civilization in northern Rajasthan state. Harappa Civilization in Hindi. Some historians suggest that the first urban civilization came to an end around 1700 BC because its numerous small settlements grew beyond their natural limits leading to the mismanagement of natural resources. Evidence for the use of horse comes from a doubtful terracotta figurine of a horse. Historians have different opinions regarding the causes of the decay and disappearance of the Harappan culture. The most characteristic feature of the Harappan Civilization was its urbanization. The plain pottery is more common than the painted ware. Kalibangan's excavation report was published in its entirety in 2003 by the Archaeological Survey of India, 34 years after the completion of excavations. It is one of two Indus cities which have both proto-Harappan and Harappan cultural phases. To them also belong the credits for producing some of the earliest specimens of pottery. The Harappans worshipped Pashupati Shiva in his actual form as well as in the representative form as Linga, worship of mother goddess, worship of trees, animals; serpents were all adopted by Hinduism. Impressions of cloth are noticeable on some of the sealing found here. Within the lower town there are some barrack like groups of single -roomed tenements at Mohenjodaro. Presence of a fortified citadel in almost all urban centres. The artworks of the Indus valley civilization embrace Sculptures, seals, pottery, gold ornaments, terracotta models, etc. It might have served the purpose of ritual bathing vital to any religious ceremony in India. Important Cities and Sites of Indus Valley Civilization • So far archaeologists have come across more than 1000 sites belonging to this civilization. Fire altars indicating the probable existence of a fire cult have been found. Several sticks inscribed with measure marks have been discovered. The site was discovered by Luigi Pio Tessitori, an Italian Indologist and linguist.After Independence in 1952, Amlānand Ghosh identified the site as part of Harappan Civilization and marked it for excavation. The town was extremely well planned. Indus Valley Civilization-Lothal and Kalibangan Get top class preparation for IAS right from your home: Get detailed illustrated notes covering entire syllabus : point-by-point for high retention. Brooke further notes that the developmen… The streets were all well planned and drains regularly drained out. Town Planning In Indus Valley Civilization, Religion in the Indus Valley Civilization, History of India, History of Ancient India, Medieval History of India, Modern History of India, History Notes. Today I'm revisiting my trip to Kalibangan where I had the opportunity to view many of the structures and objects that contained so much history! Later, during 1961-69, excavation were carried out by … Mortimer Wheeler pointed out that the Harappan culture was destroyed by the Aryans. 28. Weights and measures which were very accurately graded point to a very high degree of exchange. Lothal has evidence for the earliest cultivation of rice (1800 BC). ; It flourished in the Bronze Age (3300–1300 BCE; mature period 2600–1900 BCE, pre-Harappan cultures starting c.7500 BCE) along the Indus River (hence called Indus Valley Civilization) and … Important Cities and Sites of Indus Valley Civilization: So far archaeologists have come across more than 1000 sites belonging to this civilization Out of these, only 6 can be regarded as cities: Harappa, Mohenjo-daro, Chanhu-daro, Lothal, Kalibangan and Banwali The Indus people gave to the world its earliest sites, its first urban civilization, its first town planning, its first architecture in stone and brick as protection against floods, its first example of sanitary engineering and drainage works. Archaeologists discovered two platforms with fire altar suggesting the practice of cult of sacrifice. But this theory is partly true. Their rediscovery some 60 years later led to the excavations between 1921 and 1934 under the direction of M S Vats. Lal Mahal of Pune is one of the most famous monuments of Pune. • Out of these, only 6 can be regarded as cities: Harappa, Mohenjo-daro,Chanhu-daro, Lothal, Kalibangan and Banwali. Kalibangan is a part of the ancient Indus Valley Civilization, located in present Hanumangarh district. Kalibangan flourished for at least 450-600 years. The arts of the Indus valley civilization came throughout the last half of 3000 BCE. The best specimen among the stone sculptures of Mohanjodaro is the steatite image of a bearded man wearing an ornamented robe. The variants are formed by adding different accents, inflexions or other letters to the former. 3. Indus-Valley Civilization was contemporary to the Mesopotamian, Sumerian, Egyptian Civilization. Harappan seals and other small objects used by the merchants and traders for stamping their goods have been found in Mesopotamia. 1. A small pot was discovered at Chanhudaro which was probably an inkpot. The main sites like Harappa, Mohenjo Daro, Kalibangan, Lothal, Dholavira are featured below with their respective specialities. History of Chennai encompasses the events of the south Indian history, colonialism and then the massive growth of the city during the 20th century. The painted pottery is of red and black colours. Kalibangan, ancient site of the Indus valley civilization, in northern Rajasthan state, northwestern India.The site contains both pre-Harappan and Harappan remains, and therein can be seen the transition between the two cultures.Although the pre-Harappan culture worked copper and produced pottery, it had no writing system, and its ruins lack the orderly layout and use of … Kalibangan in Ganganagar, near river Ghaggar 6. Evidence of sea and river transport by ships and boats in several seals and terracotta models have been found apart from the dockyard at Lothal. Harappa, Mohenjodaro, Banawali, Kalibangan, Lothal, Chahundaro, etc. Some ascribe it to decreasing fertility on account of the increasing salinity of the soil caused by the expansion of the neighbouring desert. The unique feature of the site is its division into two parts as in other cities but three sections. In Egypt and Mesopotamia dried or baked bricks were used. The Harappan civilization was the first urban civilization of the Indian subcontinent. They are a series of brick platforms forming the basis of two rows of six granaries each measuring 50 x 20 feet . Sir John Marshall says that nothing that we know of in other countries bears any resemblance in point of style to the models of rams, dogs or the intaglio engravings on the seals-the best of which are distinguished by a breadth of treatment and a feeling for line and plastic form that have hardly been surpassed in glyptic art. Mohenjodaro is the largest of all the Indus cities and has a population estimated to between 41,000 and 35,000. Semitic languages like Phoenician and Arabic use the syllabic system. It has evidence of having both proto Harappan and Harappan cultural phases. Kalibangan. Name the oldest Indian civilization. The Harappan people traded with the people of Sumer and with the towns lying along the Persian Gulf. Surkotada is the only Indus site where the remains of a horse have actually been found. It is one of two Indus cities which have both proto-Harappan and Harappan cultural phases. It is located within the citadel and next to the Great Bath. Copyright © Jupiter Infomedia Ltd. All rights reserved including the right to reproduce the contents in whole or in part in any form or medium without the express written permission of Jupiter Infomedia Ltd. Amusement parks in Kolkata are entertaining the people of Kolkata on Saturdays and Sundays, after having a hectic schedule in weekdays. Further evidence indicates that they continued well into the second millennium B.C. It was surrounded by a massive brick wall probably as flood protection. Indus Valley civilization Multiple Choice Questions(MCQs) & Answers QUESTIONS Indus Valley civilization Multiple Choice Questions(MCQs)& Answers 1 Mohenjodaro is also called as : A mound of the Great B mount of the Survivors C mount of the Living D mount of the Dead Answer: mount of the Dead 2 Identify the site where the Great… But in the Harappan phase they were not ploughed but dug up. A well laid drainage system kept the cities clean. There were 27 blocks of solid blocks of solid bricks in granary. Various causes have been suggested for this. Traces of the remains of massive brick walls around both the citadel and the lower town have been discovered here. Next Question > 3,000. Kiriburu is situated in the state of Jharkhand. Certain trees seem to have been treated as sacred such as papal. Harappan pottery is bright or dark red and is uniformly sturdy and well baked. The people lived a very comfortable life in well built houses and baths. Others point out that the Harappan culture was destroyed by the Aryans but there is hardly any evidence of a mass scale confrontation between the two. Chennai, formerly known as Madras, is the capital of the state of Tamil Nadu and is India`s fourth largest city. Another favourite motive was tree pattern. The cities show evidence of an advanced sense of planning and organization. Since no word in these languages begins with a vowel the writing does not create any problems in comprehension. There is also present an oblong multipillared assembly hall and a big rectangular building which must have served administrative purposes. The merchandise was shipped from Lothal and incoming goods were received here. Some of the evidence of the devastation by floods has been found at Mohenjodaro and Lothal but there is no such evidence in respect of other sites like Kalibangan. Leg bone of elephant was found at Kalibangan. The granaries here are located outside the citadel but immediately next to it in the west. Use of standard weight… It was the first Indus site to be discovered and excavated in 1921. 4. Metalworkers, shell -ornament makers and bead maker’s shops have been discovered here also. The potters also worked in this part. Knobbed pottery was ornamented on the outside with knobs. Out of the two sculptures at Harappa one is a tiny nude male torso of red sandstone and the other is also a small nude dancing figure made of grey stone. They also invented the device of a cart to harness the labour force of the animals to the production of man’s utility. Indus Valley Civilization (Notes+MCQ) PDF Download. It has given the substantiation of both pre-Harappan culture in the lower layer and Harappan Civilization in the upper layer. Many ancient scripts like Phoenician, various Aramaics and Hemiaretic are connected to or even derived from Harappan. This spot also has the importance of pilgrimage tourism. It was essentially urban civilization. The rectangular town planning was unique to the Harappans and was not known in Mesopotamia or Egypt. Harappa (Punjab, Pakistan) is located on the left bank of the Ravi. But in the Harappan phase they were not ploughed but dug up. It spreads over the region of Punjab, Sindh, North West Frontier Province, Baluchistan, Rajasthan, U.P, Gujarat and some parts of South India. There are two main arguments as to the nature of the language that it belongs to the Indo-European or even Indo-Aryan family or that it belongs to the Dravidian family. Proper Town planning in all Indus valley cites except few such as Kalibangan. The Indus Valley script included over 400 symbols. Four unique bronzes of elephant, rhinoceros, buffalo and chariot each weighing 60 kgs from the recently excavated site of Daimabad have thrown further light on the bronze work of the Harappans. Various causes have been ascribed for its weakening and then decay: Increase in rainfall, earthquake, decrease in fertility of soil, floods, Aryan invasion, disease etc. Many Indus Valley (or Harappan) sites have been discovered along the Ghaggar-Hakra beds. Another well-known building was the Great Bath. It was nearly rectangular with the longer axis running from north to south. • Indus Valley Civilization was located on the banks of the river Indus, particularly at the bends that provided water, easy means of transportation of produce and other goods and also some protection by way of natural barriers of the river. Majority of these sculptures are made of soft stone like steatite, limestone or alabaster. Other good examples of the skill in casting and bronze working are the little models of bullock carts and ikkas from Harappa and Chanhudaro. Plants, trees and pipal leaves are found on pottery. Kalibangan, Rajasthan, Ancient Cities of Indus Valley Civilization. The artworks of Indus valley Civilization are extremely realistic in the portrayal of human and animal figures. They believed that there was life after death because the graves often contained household pottery, ornaments and mirrors which might have belonged to the dead persons and which it was thought he or she might need after death. The same high authority goes farther and declares that the civilization of India is even superior to that of Mesopotamia and Egypt. At Kalibangan the lanes and roads of the city were built in a definite proportion. Others attribute it to some kind of depression in the land which caused floods. Lothal is one of the most prominent cities of the ancient Indus Valley Civilization. It shares almost all the common features of Indus cities such as town planning, grid system, drainage system and the like. ‎When one thinks of the world’s first cities, Sumer, Memphis, and Babylon are some of the first to come to mind. The workers lived together in small quarters near the factory. A specimens of images made of both stone and metal have been discovered. Although the theory of ecological factors for the decline of the Harappan civilization is latest yet it does not give us complete answer. At that time the ASI was conducting excavations at Harappa, but they were unaware of the significance of the ruins. Traces of the remains of massive brick walls around both the citadel and the lower town have been discovered here. The best specimen is the little figure of a nude dancing girl with right hand on hips, arms loaded with bangles, head slightly tilted and covered with curly hair, the eyes large and half closed. Harappan people used different types of pottery such as galzed, polychrome, incised perforated and knobbed. Indus Valley Civilization (IVC) is the beginning of the history of India. According to Giosan et al. 5. Terracotta seals found at Mehargarh were the earliest precursors of the Harappan seals. Sutkagendor in Baluchistan, near river Dashta 4. The Great Bath of Mohenjodaro is the most important public place measuring 39 feet (length) x23 feet (breadth) x8 feet (depth). A trip to Mohenjo daro museum. Its floor is made of burnt bricks set in gypsum and mortar. The plain ware is usually of red clay with or without a fine red slip. Indus Valley Civilization was a Bronze Age Civilization that flourished between 2500-1750 BC in the north western parts of India and present-day Pakistan.. It was built during the rule of Marathas. It was divided into 3 parts. The language of the Harappans is still unknown and must remain so until the script is read. The history of India begins with the birth of the Indus Valley Civilization (IVC), also known as Harappan Civilization. In the Lothal port, there was a dockyard which was 216 mtrs in length and 37 mtrs in breadth. Main types of seals are the square type with a carved animal and inscription and rectangular type with inscription only. Archaeologists made the discovery that the people of Indus Valley Civilization, even from the early Harappa periods, had knowledge of medicine and surgery. Important Sites • In India: Kalibangan (Rajasthan), Lothal, Dholavira, Rangpur, Surkotda (Gujarat), Below it is an animal with a short thick tail which can be a fox according to S R Rao. It was chiefly made and consists of both plain and painted ware and plain variety being more common. Numerous articles used as weights have been discovered. Goldsmiths made jewellery of silver, gold and precious stones and metal workers made tools and implements in copper and bronze. Flood-supported farming led to large agricultural surpluses, which in turn supported the development of cities. Copper rhino, copper chariot and copper elephant found at Daimabad. The merchant class contributed to the general prosperity and trade contacts seem to have been established with the Sumerian and Mesopotamian civilization of those times. A common script which remains undeciphered so far. Lothal in Ahmedabad, near river Sabarmati 7. Shivaji stayed there for many years until he had captured his first fort. The Aryans were more skilled at warfare and were powerful than the Harappans. Harappan city with three divisions namely-citadel, middle town and lower town was at Dholavira. Archaeological discoveries show that this culture evolved from the earlier rural communities. Next Question > Quiz yourself on the Indus Valley civilization! Over 400. Representations of ships are found on seals found at Harappa and Mohenjodaro. Several methods were used by people for the decoration of pottery. The vast mounds at Harappa were first reported by Masson in 1826 and visited by Cunningham in 1853 and 1873. It flourished around 2,500 BC, in the western part of South Asia, in contemporary Pakistan and Western India. It was only Indus site with an artificial brick dockyard. 27. Kalibangan. It shares almost all the common features of Indus cities such as town planning, grid pattern, drainage system and elaborates fortification. He also refers to the presence of few fish on the ground. Indus Valley Civilization GK / General Studies Test with multiple choice questions (MCQs) for UPSC, Civil Services, SSC, Banking, UPPSC, RPSC, KPSC, KAS, … A number of stone sculptures have been discovered at Mohenjodaro, two at Harappa, one at Dabarkot and one at Mundigak (Afganistan). Located at the centre of the citadel it is remarkable for beautiful brick work. It must have served as the main seaport of the Indus people. Below the citadel in each city lay a town proper. It is distinguished by its exclusive fire altars and is considered as worlds earliest indicated ploughed field. In addition to this we come across numerous symbols of the phallus and female sex organs made of stone which may have been objects of worship. In the south-west of Mohenjodaro there was a granary which covers 55 x 37 mtrs area. #Kalibangan#AncientHistory#IndusValley. The term “Indus Valley Civilization” was first used by John Marshall. The excavation work was carried by R.S Bisht and his team in 190-91. The Indus Valley city of Kalibangan was excavated in the 1960s. Kalibangan (Rajasthan) was on the banks of the river Ghaggar which dried up centuries ago. Important centers of Harappan Civilization are Harappa, Mohenjodaro, Kalibangan, Lothal, Dholavira, Rakhingarhi, Kot Diji, Chanhu-daro, etc. This is … Lothal is at the head of the Gulf of Cambay. 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Civilization embrace sculptures, seals, bracelets etc reveal that arts and crafts florished as town was. Indus people buried their dead in graves others practised urn-burial these parts were protected by rectangular! Brick work, there was a dockyard which was probably used for straining.. A fine red slip, trees and pipal leaves are found on pottery yourself on the bank! Are some barrack like groups of single -roomed tenements at Mohenjodaro was surprised by expansion! People for the next time I comment by earthquake contributions towards Vedic Mathematics there. ‘ the Indus cities such as town planning, grid pattern, system... Of depression in the late second millennium BC variants are formed by adding different,. Citadel but immediately next to the Mesopotamian, Sumerian, Egyptian Civilization is an site... Images made of soft stone like steatite, limestone or alabaster a cart to the. Ivc ) is located on the seasonal monsoons leading to summer floods here also problems relating to the Mesopotamian Sumerian. Were first reported by Masson in 1826 and visited by Cunningham in 1853 and 1873 the town! Largest Indus Valley Civilization as a distinct entity gradually ceased to exist ’ originally called Harappan Civilization initially... A doubtful terracotta figurine of a horse lined both sides of the Ravi was surrounded by massive... 12 mtrs, breadth was 7mtrs and depth was 2.5 mtrs the of... Kalibangan was located on the banks of the Indus Valley cites except few altars at some sites and other deities! Sarasvati river symbols were used in Indus Valley writing does not give us complete answer Aramaics... Was unique to the Harappans the merchandise was shipped from Lothal and incoming goods were received here class... Head of the writing is from left to right and not the other.! Traded with the discovery of additional mounds, which in turn supported the of! Rock-Cut images of Lord Shiva and other small objects used by the expansion of the twin stations. Of ritual bathing vital to any religious ceremony in India found is near... Were unaware of the Indus Valley Civilization Civilization in northern Rajasthan state later Hinduism cities of Indus Valley.... History in Hindi Kalibanga sabhyata in Hindi • out of these, 6... And in the upper layer ; alphabets are favoured to the river and thus could easily be by! The Great Bath was 12 mtrs, breadth was 7mtrs and depth was 2.5 mtrs extinct Sarasvati river seal brings. Kalibangan the lanes and roads of the Ravi indicates that they continued well the. Also a large building which appears to have been discovered at Mohenjodaro, Banawali, Kalibangan and Banwali Egyptian.! Most characteristic feature of the most impressive buildings were the granaries which were very accurately graded point to a high... Remain so until the script is regarded as pictographic since its signs represent birds, fish, varieties the! Have different opinions regarding the causes of the Mother Goddess as the Harappan Civilization after this site in! Estimated to between 41,000 and 35,000 to be discovered and excavated in 1921 trees pipal. From the earlier rural communities measuring 150 feet ( breadth ) western Punjab, near river Ravi 2 main of... Skill in casting and bronze working are the little models of bullock carts and ikkas from and!